The India captain MS Dhoni has retired from
Test cricket, the Board of Control for Cricket
in India (BCCI) announced on Tuesday.
" MS Dhoni has chosen to retire from Test
Cricket with immediate effect ," the BCCI
posted on its Twitter feed.
The news was announced shortly after the 33-
year-old wicket-keeper batsman had led India
to a draw in the third Test against Australia
in Melbourne. The result meant Australia
won the series and regained the Border-
Gavaskar trophy . Virat Kohli will take over
the captaincy for the fourth and final Test,
which begins in Sydney on 6 January, with
India trailing 2-0 in the series.
BCCI secretary Sanjay Patel paid tribute to
Dhoni, who made his 90th and now final Test
appearance in Melbourne. "One of India's
greatest Test captains under whose leadership
India became the No1 team in the Test
rankings, MS Dhoni has decided to retire
from Test cricket citing the strain of playing
all formats of cricket," Patel said in a
statement released by the BCCI.
"MS Dhoni has chosen to retire from Test
cricket with immediate effect in order to
concentrate on ODI and T20 formats. [The]
BCCI, while respecting the decision of MS
Dhoni to retire from Test cricket, wishes to
thank him for his enormous contribution to
Test cricket and the laurels that he has
brought to India."
MS Dhoni announces immediate retirement fromInternational Test Cricket
NEW DELHI: In a surprise decision, MS Dhoni on Tuesday
announcement his retirement from International Test
Cricket with immediate effect. According to the BCCI
release, Dhoni has chosen to retire from Test Cricket
with immediate effect in order to concentrate on ODI
and T20 formats.
"One of India's greatest Test Captains under whose
leadership India became the No. 1 team in the Test
Rankings MS Dhoni, has decided to retire from Test
Cricket citing the strain of playing all formats of
Cricket," read the BCCI press release.
"BCCI while respecting the decision of M S Dhoni to
retire from Test Cricket, wishes to thank him for his
enormous contribution to Test Cricket and the laurels
that he has brought to India," the release said.
Valiant while you led. Valiant in your departure.
#Respect @msdhoni pic.twitter.com/w6xdnebG3s
— Suresh Raina (@ImRaina) December 30, 2014
Virat Kohli will be the captain of the Indian Team for the
Fourth and Final Test against Australia to be played in
Sydney from the January 6, 2015.
Meanwhile, Australia reclaimed the Border-Gavaskar
trophy with a draw in the third test, as India resisted the
home team's attack and batted out the final afternoon
session.
Virat Kohli (54) and Ajinkya Rahane (48) led India's
resistance after an early collapse, and the visitors
reached 174-6 chasing the improbable victory target of
384, with stumps called four overs early.
Australia, knowing a draw would be enough to secure a
series victory, waited until lunch to declare its second
innings at 318-9, and ran out of time to bowl India out.
(With inputs from AP)
announcement his retirement from International Test
Cricket with immediate effect. According to the BCCI
release, Dhoni has chosen to retire from Test Cricket
with immediate effect in order to concentrate on ODI
and T20 formats.
"One of India's greatest Test Captains under whose
leadership India became the No. 1 team in the Test
Rankings MS Dhoni, has decided to retire from Test
Cricket citing the strain of playing all formats of
Cricket," read the BCCI press release.
"BCCI while respecting the decision of M S Dhoni to
retire from Test Cricket, wishes to thank him for his
enormous contribution to Test Cricket and the laurels
that he has brought to India," the release said.
Valiant while you led. Valiant in your departure.
#Respect @msdhoni pic.twitter.com/w6xdnebG3s
— Suresh Raina (@ImRaina) December 30, 2014
Virat Kohli will be the captain of the Indian Team for the
Fourth and Final Test against Australia to be played in
Sydney from the January 6, 2015.
Meanwhile, Australia reclaimed the Border-Gavaskar
trophy with a draw in the third test, as India resisted the
home team's attack and batted out the final afternoon
session.
Virat Kohli (54) and Ajinkya Rahane (48) led India's
resistance after an early collapse, and the visitors
reached 174-6 chasing the improbable victory target of
384, with stumps called four overs early.
Australia, knowing a draw would be enough to secure a
series victory, waited until lunch to declare its second
innings at 318-9, and ran out of time to bowl India out.
(With inputs from AP)
11 REASONS WHY GUJJUS ARE THE MOST AMAZINGPEOPLE IN INDIA
1. All of them are intelligent While most of us were struggling with
basic math in first grade, the young 'Patel-boy' was busy calculating
the profit he made by selling candy to an unsuspecting punjabi lad.
2. The are soft spoken While most of the languages in their neighboring
states (haryana, rajasthan among others) sound like Hitler giving a
execution order, gujjus sound like marshmallow in fantasy-land.
3. They are mavericks at any given business. Their business literally
run the country, while we went partying last night our 'gujju-bhai'
bought another company.
4. The perfect gujju ladies rule Now if you want that perfectly
balanced girl, the one who has the perfect mix of intelligence and
beauty – Then you should probably try hard to impress your Gujarati
neighbor. Remember in the words of Jassi – 'Kem Cho Majame Cho… dil la
gayee kudi gujrat di'
5. Gujrati Food gives you food-gasm Bored with the monotonous taste of
butter chicken or south indian spices, gujrati food is the one you need
to go for. While most other delicacies are designed only for your taste
buds, Gujju food is known to get along well with your entire system.
Hail Dhokla !
6. They are peace loving Gujjus know how to handle matters peacefully,
on the other hand in a similar situation you are more likely to see
broken bones and blue eye patches at other places in India.
7. Gujjus are independent Thins is another quality which makes our
guujus so ingenious, moreover this quality is not only limited to their
actions but they even think independently thus giving birth to great
inventive ideas.
8. Land of Amul is undoubtedly the 'Taste of India' We all grew up
consuming Amul products in one form or another, while its is
undoubtedly yummy Amul is also credited for changing the lives of
millions of people – it was 'crowd-sourcing' way before the term was
cool. FYI – Amul is a case study at various ivy league colleges across
the globe.
9. They are strong headed and determined While a quite a few clans in
India can be proud of the same quality, but when we actually sit down
and evaluate scores – this one great person called 'Sardar Patel' will
make every other one wet their pants. After all he was the one whose
strong-headedness prevailed over others, killed all the bloated egos
and brought our lovely country together 9. They are strong headed and
determined While a quite a few clans in India can be proud of the same
quality, but when we actually sit down and evaluate scores – this one
great person called 'Sardar Patel' will make every other one wet their
pants. After all he was the one whose strong-headedness prevailed over
others, killed all the bloated egos and brought our lovely country
together
10. They literally invented 'Party All Night' While america was still
waiting to be discovered and Europe was still waiting for a cultural
revolution our people back in gujju-land were parting all though the
night during the still happening navratri season.
11 . The last but not the least – A certain man called 'Narendra Modi'
is from gujarat
basic math in first grade, the young 'Patel-boy' was busy calculating
the profit he made by selling candy to an unsuspecting punjabi lad.
2. The are soft spoken While most of the languages in their neighboring
states (haryana, rajasthan among others) sound like Hitler giving a
execution order, gujjus sound like marshmallow in fantasy-land.
3. They are mavericks at any given business. Their business literally
run the country, while we went partying last night our 'gujju-bhai'
bought another company.
4. The perfect gujju ladies rule Now if you want that perfectly
balanced girl, the one who has the perfect mix of intelligence and
beauty – Then you should probably try hard to impress your Gujarati
neighbor. Remember in the words of Jassi – 'Kem Cho Majame Cho… dil la
gayee kudi gujrat di'
5. Gujrati Food gives you food-gasm Bored with the monotonous taste of
butter chicken or south indian spices, gujrati food is the one you need
to go for. While most other delicacies are designed only for your taste
buds, Gujju food is known to get along well with your entire system.
Hail Dhokla !
6. They are peace loving Gujjus know how to handle matters peacefully,
on the other hand in a similar situation you are more likely to see
broken bones and blue eye patches at other places in India.
7. Gujjus are independent Thins is another quality which makes our
guujus so ingenious, moreover this quality is not only limited to their
actions but they even think independently thus giving birth to great
inventive ideas.
8. Land of Amul is undoubtedly the 'Taste of India' We all grew up
consuming Amul products in one form or another, while its is
undoubtedly yummy Amul is also credited for changing the lives of
millions of people – it was 'crowd-sourcing' way before the term was
cool. FYI – Amul is a case study at various ivy league colleges across
the globe.
9. They are strong headed and determined While a quite a few clans in
India can be proud of the same quality, but when we actually sit down
and evaluate scores – this one great person called 'Sardar Patel' will
make every other one wet their pants. After all he was the one whose
strong-headedness prevailed over others, killed all the bloated egos
and brought our lovely country together 9. They are strong headed and
determined While a quite a few clans in India can be proud of the same
quality, but when we actually sit down and evaluate scores – this one
great person called 'Sardar Patel' will make every other one wet their
pants. After all he was the one whose strong-headedness prevailed over
others, killed all the bloated egos and brought our lovely country
together
10. They literally invented 'Party All Night' While america was still
waiting to be discovered and Europe was still waiting for a cultural
revolution our people back in gujju-land were parting all though the
night during the still happening navratri season.
11 . The last but not the least – A certain man called 'Narendra Modi'
is from gujarat
Top Five ways to protect emails in the event of a hacking attack
The Sony hack, the latest in a wave of company security breaches,
exposed months of employee emails. Other hacks have given attackers
access to sensitive information about a company and its customers, such
as credit-card numbers and email addresses. One way hackers can sneak
into a company is by sending fake emails with malicious links to
employee inboxes. Here are five simple steps to make your email more
secure and limit the harm a hacker can have:
Archive Early and Often Most corporate email systems allow people to
set up regularly scheduled archiving so that emails are moved off of
the server after a certain number of days. You can still check archived
emails on your work computer, but they are no longer easily accessible
on websites outside the office or on your phone. That limits hackers'
ability to access those emails too. You can make exceptions for emails
that you want to keep in your active inbox, and they won't be archived.
Get Organised As emails come into your inbox, deal with them. Sort them
into folders. This segments your data, requiring an attacker to know
which folder to go to, or to take multiple steps to search for wanted
information.
Paired with archiving, it also ensures that what the hacker does
compromise is limited and known for any future damage assessment.
Sensitive information can also be removed from your inbox. For example,
delete an email and save what you need to your hard drive or an
external drive.
Keep Work and Personal Emails Separate Don't use your work email for
personal email or activities online. That limits details a hacker can
glean about you to conduct more sophisticated attacks targeting you as
the entryway into your company's system. For example, hackers can learn
about your shopping habits or personal hobbies and use those to send a
phishing email that appears to come from websites you bought goods from
or read frequently. Phishing messages route you to a fake address and
allow hackers to gain access to your system. Don't Click on Unexpected
Links And Attachments If you receive an email with a link or attachment
you weren't expecting, send the person a separate email asking whether
the first email was legitimate. For links from companies such as
banking institutions, hover your cursor over the hyperlink or
right-click to show the link's final destination. Before you click,
make sure the address that pops up when you hover over the link matches
where the hyperlink says you'll be sent. If unsure, use a new window
and physically type in the website's address to conduct your business.
If You See Something, Say Something If your email is acting up or a
link or attachment strikes you as strange, forward it to your IT
department as quickly as possible. Your attention and fast response may
prevent someone else at your company from making a mistake.
exposed months of employee emails. Other hacks have given attackers
access to sensitive information about a company and its customers, such
as credit-card numbers and email addresses. One way hackers can sneak
into a company is by sending fake emails with malicious links to
employee inboxes. Here are five simple steps to make your email more
secure and limit the harm a hacker can have:
Archive Early and Often Most corporate email systems allow people to
set up regularly scheduled archiving so that emails are moved off of
the server after a certain number of days. You can still check archived
emails on your work computer, but they are no longer easily accessible
on websites outside the office or on your phone. That limits hackers'
ability to access those emails too. You can make exceptions for emails
that you want to keep in your active inbox, and they won't be archived.
Get Organised As emails come into your inbox, deal with them. Sort them
into folders. This segments your data, requiring an attacker to know
which folder to go to, or to take multiple steps to search for wanted
information.
Paired with archiving, it also ensures that what the hacker does
compromise is limited and known for any future damage assessment.
Sensitive information can also be removed from your inbox. For example,
delete an email and save what you need to your hard drive or an
external drive.
Keep Work and Personal Emails Separate Don't use your work email for
personal email or activities online. That limits details a hacker can
glean about you to conduct more sophisticated attacks targeting you as
the entryway into your company's system. For example, hackers can learn
about your shopping habits or personal hobbies and use those to send a
phishing email that appears to come from websites you bought goods from
or read frequently. Phishing messages route you to a fake address and
allow hackers to gain access to your system. Don't Click on Unexpected
Links And Attachments If you receive an email with a link or attachment
you weren't expecting, send the person a separate email asking whether
the first email was legitimate. For links from companies such as
banking institutions, hover your cursor over the hyperlink or
right-click to show the link's final destination. Before you click,
make sure the address that pops up when you hover over the link matches
where the hyperlink says you'll be sent. If unsure, use a new window
and physically type in the website's address to conduct your business.
If You See Something, Say Something If your email is acting up or a
link or attachment strikes you as strange, forward it to your IT
department as quickly as possible. Your attention and fast response may
prevent someone else at your company from making a mistake.
Pk The Film free Download
Pk The Film free Download link
Movie Name : PK (2014)
Category : Bollywood Hindi Movies
Source : DVDSCR/SCAM/pDVD
Release Date : 19 December 2014
Genre : Action | Comedy | Crime | Romance
Starcast : Aamir Khan, Anushka Sharma, Sushant
Singh Rajput, Boman Irani, Sanjay Dutt
download links
http://extratorrent.cc/torrent/3927146/PK(2014)+1+CD+xvid+PDVD+RIP-MP3-Team+TellyTNT+Exclusive.html
link 2
http://kickass.so/pk-2014-1cd-pdvd-rip-x264-aac-audio-cleaned-derek-dus-t9985347.html
Disclaimer: This links are found on internet. we are just sharing
links. we had not uploaded the movie.
Movie Name : PK (2014)
Category : Bollywood Hindi Movies
Source : DVDSCR/SCAM/pDVD
Release Date : 19 December 2014
Genre : Action | Comedy | Crime | Romance
Starcast : Aamir Khan, Anushka Sharma, Sushant
Singh Rajput, Boman Irani, Sanjay Dutt
download links
http://extratorrent.cc/torrent/3927146/PK(2014)+1+CD+xvid+PDVD+RIP-MP3-Team+TellyTNT+Exclusive.html
link 2
http://kickass.so/pk-2014-1cd-pdvd-rip-x264-aac-audio-cleaned-derek-dus-t9985347.html
Disclaimer: This links are found on internet. we are just sharing
links. we had not uploaded the movie.
PK REVIEW: AAMIR KHAN & VIDHUVINOD CHOPRA WILL STEAL YOURHEART
What is the film 'PK' all about? Will Aamir
Khan be able to stun fans with his ability
to do something different, again? Will the
filmmaker Rajkumar Hirani's much
anticipated film set the cash registers
ringing at the box office? Well, these are
the questions that popped up ever since
the first promo of the film was released.
After five years, we finally have Rajkumar
Hirani's masterpiece on silver screen
through PK and it needs to be mentioned
here that the director has taken
filmmaking to another level altogether. PK
has a depth, which formulates a message
that can also be debatable.
Stars- Aamir Khan, Anushka Sharma,
Saurabh Shukla, Sanjay Dutt, Sushant
Singh Rajput, Boman Irani
Director- Rajkumar Hirani
Music- Shantanu Moitra, Ajay-Atul, Ankit
Tiwari and Ram Sampath
It starts with Jaggu (Anushka Sharma) a
journalist student in Bruges, Belguim who
after completing her studies comes back
to her hometown in India. Here she meets
PK (Aamir Khan) who has his own weird
techniques to deal with things in society.
He is a never seen before any human
being and his style of dressing becomes a
humorous point of accentuation, his
manner of seeing the world is a matter of
concern. There are many such unanswered
questions by PK which initially become a
butt of jokes but on a major scenario it's
debatable.
This catches Jaggu's attention and she
along with PK goes on to find the answers
to these peculiar questions. Who is PK,
what is his puzzle and why Jaggu finds it
interesting? Find it all in this Rajkumar
Hirani directorial.
Now while its storyline is fascinating, PK
has ample surprises which unfold layer by
layer remarkably. But one thing, which
needs to be made clear is that PK is not a
out an out comedy-caper as its trailer and
songs have hinted towards yet carrying the
same thought-process while stepping into
the theatres won't disappoint you. While
there is a serious subject Rajkumar Hirani
is dealing with and his ways of presenting
the entire issue turns out to be humorous.
It all goes side by side or rather say there
is a parallel journey throughout. With
dialogues by Abhijaat Joshi and Rajkumar
Hirani himself the narration becomes more
gripping and entertaining particularly with
Aamir Khan's Bhojpuri dialect. We won't
reveal as to how the language is inserted
in the flick but we tell you it's an
interesting part to know.
While the narration in the movie is water-
tight, the performance of the actors seems
to be fantastic. There is no way, a movie
is fake and pale, when we have Boman
Irani who is hailed in all Hirani's films or
National Award winning Saurabh Shukla.
Saurabh is playing the role of a self-styled
Godman and the director never misses a
chance to take a dig and intentionally
mock such real-life characters spread
across the society.
Boman Irani's short appearance in the
movie is crucial but it provides an
essential link to the events happening
around. Sanjay Dutt's cameo is too
delightful.
Sushant Singh Rajput, is wrapped up in the
first half. We wish, Hirani could've used
more of him.
Anushka Sharma as a curious journalist is
great while her friendly chemistry with
Aamir Khan is amusing and captivating.
And do we need to mention that Aamir
Khan is the show-stealer? The actor
masterfully and magnificently delivers a
tough act in the flick. More than his words
it's his expressions, which add volume.
There is a big surprise around his
character, which is cleverly written and
wonderfully performed.
'PK' CELEBS REVIEW: HERE IS WHAT
CELEBS HAVE SAID ABOUT THE FILM.
Divya Dutta: Salutes raju hirani..u made
me smile, u made me laugh n u made me
cry n u got me thinking!!! #pk . Ur the
best!!!!!
Sachin Tendulkar: "The film is superb. I
have promised Aamir so I won't disclose
much about the story. But I would like to
say that all of you please go and watch
this film as it is completely different. For
me it's the best film and best
performance of Aamir that I have ever
seen."
"His role in the film is completely
different. It is completely out-of-the box
film with a very strong message. It is a
must watch film. Without any doubt it is
his best performance.
Khan be able to stun fans with his ability
to do something different, again? Will the
filmmaker Rajkumar Hirani's much
anticipated film set the cash registers
ringing at the box office? Well, these are
the questions that popped up ever since
the first promo of the film was released.
After five years, we finally have Rajkumar
Hirani's masterpiece on silver screen
through PK and it needs to be mentioned
here that the director has taken
filmmaking to another level altogether. PK
has a depth, which formulates a message
that can also be debatable.
Stars- Aamir Khan, Anushka Sharma,
Saurabh Shukla, Sanjay Dutt, Sushant
Singh Rajput, Boman Irani
Director- Rajkumar Hirani
Music- Shantanu Moitra, Ajay-Atul, Ankit
Tiwari and Ram Sampath
It starts with Jaggu (Anushka Sharma) a
journalist student in Bruges, Belguim who
after completing her studies comes back
to her hometown in India. Here she meets
PK (Aamir Khan) who has his own weird
techniques to deal with things in society.
He is a never seen before any human
being and his style of dressing becomes a
humorous point of accentuation, his
manner of seeing the world is a matter of
concern. There are many such unanswered
questions by PK which initially become a
butt of jokes but on a major scenario it's
debatable.
This catches Jaggu's attention and she
along with PK goes on to find the answers
to these peculiar questions. Who is PK,
what is his puzzle and why Jaggu finds it
interesting? Find it all in this Rajkumar
Hirani directorial.
Now while its storyline is fascinating, PK
has ample surprises which unfold layer by
layer remarkably. But one thing, which
needs to be made clear is that PK is not a
out an out comedy-caper as its trailer and
songs have hinted towards yet carrying the
same thought-process while stepping into
the theatres won't disappoint you. While
there is a serious subject Rajkumar Hirani
is dealing with and his ways of presenting
the entire issue turns out to be humorous.
It all goes side by side or rather say there
is a parallel journey throughout. With
dialogues by Abhijaat Joshi and Rajkumar
Hirani himself the narration becomes more
gripping and entertaining particularly with
Aamir Khan's Bhojpuri dialect. We won't
reveal as to how the language is inserted
in the flick but we tell you it's an
interesting part to know.
While the narration in the movie is water-
tight, the performance of the actors seems
to be fantastic. There is no way, a movie
is fake and pale, when we have Boman
Irani who is hailed in all Hirani's films or
National Award winning Saurabh Shukla.
Saurabh is playing the role of a self-styled
Godman and the director never misses a
chance to take a dig and intentionally
mock such real-life characters spread
across the society.
Boman Irani's short appearance in the
movie is crucial but it provides an
essential link to the events happening
around. Sanjay Dutt's cameo is too
delightful.
Sushant Singh Rajput, is wrapped up in the
first half. We wish, Hirani could've used
more of him.
Anushka Sharma as a curious journalist is
great while her friendly chemistry with
Aamir Khan is amusing and captivating.
And do we need to mention that Aamir
Khan is the show-stealer? The actor
masterfully and magnificently delivers a
tough act in the flick. More than his words
it's his expressions, which add volume.
There is a big surprise around his
character, which is cleverly written and
wonderfully performed.
'PK' CELEBS REVIEW: HERE IS WHAT
CELEBS HAVE SAID ABOUT THE FILM.
Divya Dutta: Salutes raju hirani..u made
me smile, u made me laugh n u made me
cry n u got me thinking!!! #pk . Ur the
best!!!!!
Sachin Tendulkar: "The film is superb. I
have promised Aamir so I won't disclose
much about the story. But I would like to
say that all of you please go and watch
this film as it is completely different. For
me it's the best film and best
performance of Aamir that I have ever
seen."
"His role in the film is completely
different. It is completely out-of-the box
film with a very strong message. It is a
must watch film. Without any doubt it is
his best performance.
List Of Countries With Gold Holding
List of Countries With Gold Holding
United States
The United States of America holds more gold than any other country in
the world.
Gold holdings: 8,133.5 tonnes
Percentage of total foreign reserves: 75.1%
Germany
Gold holdings: 3,391.3 tonnes
Percentage of total foreign reserves: 72.1%
IMF
The IMF holds a relatively large amount of gold among its assets. The
IMF's total gold holdings are valued on its balance
sheet at about $4.9 billion on the basis of historical cost .
Gold holdings: 2,814.0 tonnes
Italy
Gold holdings: 2,451.8 tonnes
Percentage of total foreign reserves: 71.3%
China
Gold holdings: 1,054.1 tonnes
Percentage of total foreign reserves: 1.6%
Switzerland
Gold holdings: 1,040.1 tonnes
Percentage of total foreign reserves: 10.0%
Russia
Gold holdings: 976.9 tonnes
Percentage of total foreign reserves: 9.5%
Japan
Gold holdings: 765.2 tonnes
Percentage of total foreign reserves: 3.1%
Netherlands
Gold holdings: 612.5 tonnes
Percentage of total foreign reserves: 58.7%
India
Gold holdings: 557.7 tonnes
Percentage of total foreign reserves: 9.6%
United States
The United States of America holds more gold than any other country in
the world.
Gold holdings: 8,133.5 tonnes
Percentage of total foreign reserves: 75.1%
Germany
Gold holdings: 3,391.3 tonnes
Percentage of total foreign reserves: 72.1%
IMF
The IMF holds a relatively large amount of gold among its assets. The
IMF's total gold holdings are valued on its balance
sheet at about $4.9 billion on the basis of historical cost .
Gold holdings: 2,814.0 tonnes
Italy
Gold holdings: 2,451.8 tonnes
Percentage of total foreign reserves: 71.3%
China
Gold holdings: 1,054.1 tonnes
Percentage of total foreign reserves: 1.6%
Switzerland
Gold holdings: 1,040.1 tonnes
Percentage of total foreign reserves: 10.0%
Russia
Gold holdings: 976.9 tonnes
Percentage of total foreign reserves: 9.5%
Japan
Gold holdings: 765.2 tonnes
Percentage of total foreign reserves: 3.1%
Netherlands
Gold holdings: 612.5 tonnes
Percentage of total foreign reserves: 58.7%
India
Gold holdings: 557.7 tonnes
Percentage of total foreign reserves: 9.6%
Important Amendments To The Constitution
The first Amendment Act to the Indian Constitution was made in the year
1951
According to it, Articles 15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 376 were
amended and Articles 31A and 3IB inserted and Ninth Schedule was added.
The Constitution (24th Amendment) Act, 1971: It affirmed the power of
the Parliament to amend any part of the Constitution. After this
amendment, the
President is bound to assent to Constitution Amendment Bill. Education
was transferred to the Concurrent List by this amendment.
The Constitution (31st Amendment) Act, 1973: increased the elective
strength of the Lok Sabha from 525 to 545. Under the Act, the upper
limit of
representatives of the States goes up from 500 to 525 and that of the
Union Territories decreases from 25 to 20.
The Constitution (36th Amendment) Act, 1975: By this Act, Sikkim became
the 22nd State of the Indian Union.
The Constitution (37th Amendment) Act, 1975: was passed by Parliament
on April 26, 1975, to provide for a Legislative Assembly and a Council
of Ministers to
Arunachal Pradesh, the country's north-easternmost Union Territory.
The Constitution (39th Amendment) Act, 1975: The Bill was passed by the
Lok Sabha on August 7 and received Presidential assent on August
9,1975. The Act
places beyond challenge in courts the election to Parliament of a
person holding the office of Prime Minister or Speaker and the election
of President and
Vice-President.
The Constitution (40th Amendment) Act, 1976: This Amendment has a
three-fold objective: (1) It places beyond challenge in courts some
major Central laws;
(2) It gives similar protection to several State enactments, mostly
relating to land legislation, by including them in the Ninth Schedule
of the Constitution; and
(3) It provides that the limits of the territorial waters, the
Continental Shelf, the Exclusive Economic Zone and the maritime zones
of India shall be specified
from time to time by law made by Parliament.
The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976: It was enacted during the
period of internal emergency. It was passed by Parliament on November
11, 1976
and received Presidential assent on December 18, 1976.
The Amendment established beyond doubt the supremacy of Parliament over
the other wings of Government; gave the Directive Principles precedence
over
the Fundamental Rights; enumerated for the first time a set of ten
Fundamental Duties. It further imposed limits on the power and
jurisdiction of the judiciary;
raised the term of the Lok Sabha and the Vidhan Sabha from five to six
years; authorised the use of Central armed forces in any State to deal
with law and
order problems, made the President bound by the advice of the Council
of Ministers and envisaged the establishment of administrative
tribunals for service
matters of Government employees and also other tribunals for economic
offences. The Act also clearly laid down that no Constitutional
Amendment could be
questioned in any court of law.
The Constitution (43rd Amendment) Act, 1978: It received the
Presidential assent on April 13, 1978. This Act repeals the obnoxious
provisions of the
Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act passed during the Emergency. It
restores civil liberties by deleting Article 3ID which gave powers to
Parliament to curtail
even legitimate trade union activity under the guise of legislation for
the prevention of anti-national activities. The new law, which was
ratified by more than
half of the States in accordance with the Constitution, also restores
legislative powers to the States to make appropriate provision for
anti-national activities
consistent with the Fundamental Rights. Under the Act, the judiciary
has also been restored to its rightful place. The Supreme Court will
now have power to
invalidate State laws, a power taken away by the 42nd Amendment Act.
The High Courts will also be able to go into the question of
constitutional validity of
Central laws thereby enabling persons living in distant places to
obtain speedy justice without having to come to the Supreme Court.
The Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978: The Constitution (45 th
Amendment) Bill, re-numbered as the 44th Amendment came into force on
April 30,
1979, when the President gave his assent. The Act removes major
distortions in the Constitution introduced during the Emergency. The
duration of the Lok
Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies has been reduced from six to
five years—the normal term which was extended during the Emergencyunder
the 42nd
Amendment to achieve some political purposes. The Right to Property
ceases to be a Fundamental Right and becomes only a legal right
according to the
Constitution 44th Amendment. The Act also extends, for the first time
since independence, constitutional protection for publication of the
proceedings of
Parliament and State Legislatures, except in cases where it is proved
to be "malicious". Another important feature of the Act is that any
proclamation of
Emergency need henceforward, be issued by the President only after
receiving the advice of the Cabinet as a whole in writing. The
President will not be called
upon to act on the basis of advice by the Prime Minister on his own
without consulting his Cabinet. Other safeguards provide that the
proclamation will have
to be adopted by a two-thirds majority of the members of both Houses of
Parliament within a month. The 44th Amendment provides safeguards
against future
subversion of the Constitution for establishing an authoritarian
regime. It contains provisions which are designed to make it impossible
to impose the kind of
emergency the country had experienced for 19 months.
The Constitution (45th Amendment) Act, 1980: The Act extends
reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes
in Parliament and the
State Assemblies and the representation of Anglo-Indians by nomination
for a further period of 10 years.
The Constitution (46th Amendment) Bill, 1982: It seeks to authorise the
government to prepare an authoritative text of the Constitution, in
Hindi.
The Constitution (52nd Amendment) Act, 1985: The Act has made defection
to another party, after elections illegal. Any member defecting to
another party
after elections will be disqualified from being member of Parliament or
State Legislature.
The Constitution (53rd Amendment) Act, 1986: It confers Statehood on
Mizoram and ensures against unnecessary interference by the Central
Government
with the laws relating to spheres of social relationship and community
conduct applicable to Mizoram.
The Constitution (54th Amendment) Act, 1986: It enhances the salaries
of Judges of High Courts and Supreme Court of India. The salary of
Chief Justice of
India will be Rs 10,000; Chief Justice of High Courts Rs 9000; Judges
of Supreme Court Rs 9000; and Judges of High Courts Rs 8000.
The Constitution (55th Amendment) Act, 1987: It grants Statehood to
Arunachal Pradesh which consequently became the 24th State of the
Indian Union.
The Constitution (56th Amendment) Act, 1987: It confers Statehood on
Goa and forms a new Union Territory of Daman and Diu. Goa thus became
the 25th
State of the Indian Republic.
The Constitution (57th Amendment) Act, 1987: It made a special
provision for the setting up of the new State of Goa. Consequently
Daman and Diu were
separated from the former to form a Union Territory.
The Constitution (58th Amendment) Act, 1988: It provides for special
arrangements with regard to reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes
in the States of
Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram and Meghalaya. By amending Article
322 the adjustment of seats has been frozen until 2000 A.D.
The Constitution (59th Amendment) Act, 1988: It empowered the Central
Government to impose Emergency in Punjab when deemed necessary. Under
the
amendment, President's rule can be extended upto three years. Earlier
maximum period was two years.
The Constitution (61st Amendment) Act, 1989: It lowered the voting age
from 21 to 18.
The Constitution (62nd Amendment) Act, 1989: It provided for the
extension by another 10 years of reservation of seats in the Parliament
and State
Assemblies for the Scheduled Castes and Tribes and reservation for
Anglo Indian community by nomination.
The Constitution (63rd Amendment) Act, 1989: It repealed Amendment 59
which empowered the government to impose emergency in Punjab.
The Constitution (64th Amendment) Act, 1990: It extended the
President's rule in Punjab by six months.
The Constitution (66th Amendment) Act, 1990: To bring land reforms
within the purview of 9th Schedule of the Constitution.
The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991: Delhi made National
Capital Region. The Act also made provision for Legislative assembly
and a council of
ministers for Delhi.
The Constitution (70th Amendment) Act, 1992: Before this act was made
Article 54 relating to the election of the President provided for an
electoral college
consisting only of the elected members of Parliament as well as the
legislative assemblies of the States (not of Union Territories). The
amendment provide
for inclusion of members of legislature of Pondicherry and Delhi.
The Constitution (71st Amendment) Act, 1992: The act amends the 8th
Schedule to the Constitution to include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali
Languages in the
8th Schedule of the Constitution.
The Constitution (72nd Amendment) Act, 1992: To make temporary
provision for the determination of the number of seats reserved for the
Scheduled Tribes
in the State assembly of Tripura, until the re-adjustment of seats is
made on the basis of the first census after the year 2000 under article
170 of the
Constitution.
The Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992: To ensure direct election
to all seats in Panchayats; to reserve seats for SCs and STs in
proportion to their
population; and for reservation of not less than one third of the seats
in Panchayats for women.
The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992: was made to ensure direct
election to all seats in Nagarpalikas and Municipalities.
The Constitution (75th Amendment) Act 1994: It provides for setting up
of State-level Rent Tribunals to exclude the jurisdiction of all
courts, except that of
the Supreme Court, under Article 136 of the Constitution.
The Constitution (76th Amendment) Act, 1994: It relates to the
Reservation of Seats in Educational Institutes and of appointments or
posts in the Services
under a State, for Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes. The Supreme Court had ruled on November 16, 1992, that the
total reservations
under Article 16(40) of the Constitution should not exceed 50 per cent.
The Constitution (77th Amendment) Act, 1995: According to this Act, the
Government have decided to continue the existing policy of reservation
in promotion
for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
The Constitution (78th Amendment) Act, 1995: It includes land reform
laws in the Ninth Schedule so that they cannot be challenged before the
courts.
The Constitution (79th Amendment) Act, 1999: It extends the reservation
of seats for SC, ST and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and Legislative
Assemblies
for next 10 years.
The Constitution (80th Amendment) Act, 2000: It deals with an
alternative scheme for sharing taxes between the Union and the States.
The Constitution (81st Amendment) Act, 2000: It provides that the
unfilled vacancies of a year reserved for SC/ST kept for being filled
up in a year as per
Article 16, shall be considered separately for filling vacancies in the
succeeding year and the previous list will not be considered for
filling the 50% quota of the
respective year.
The Constitution (82nd Amendment) Act, 2000: It provides that nothing
in the Article 355 shall prevent the State from making any provisions
in favour of the
members of SC/ST for relaxation in qualifying marks with respect to
examination/job/promotion.
The Constitution (83rd Amendment) Act, 2000: The Act amended Article
243 M to provide that no reservation in Panchayats be made in favour of
SC/ST in
Arunachal Pradesh where the whole population is tribal.
1951
According to it, Articles 15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 376 were
amended and Articles 31A and 3IB inserted and Ninth Schedule was added.
The Constitution (24th Amendment) Act, 1971: It affirmed the power of
the Parliament to amend any part of the Constitution. After this
amendment, the
President is bound to assent to Constitution Amendment Bill. Education
was transferred to the Concurrent List by this amendment.
The Constitution (31st Amendment) Act, 1973: increased the elective
strength of the Lok Sabha from 525 to 545. Under the Act, the upper
limit of
representatives of the States goes up from 500 to 525 and that of the
Union Territories decreases from 25 to 20.
The Constitution (36th Amendment) Act, 1975: By this Act, Sikkim became
the 22nd State of the Indian Union.
The Constitution (37th Amendment) Act, 1975: was passed by Parliament
on April 26, 1975, to provide for a Legislative Assembly and a Council
of Ministers to
Arunachal Pradesh, the country's north-easternmost Union Territory.
The Constitution (39th Amendment) Act, 1975: The Bill was passed by the
Lok Sabha on August 7 and received Presidential assent on August
9,1975. The Act
places beyond challenge in courts the election to Parliament of a
person holding the office of Prime Minister or Speaker and the election
of President and
Vice-President.
The Constitution (40th Amendment) Act, 1976: This Amendment has a
three-fold objective: (1) It places beyond challenge in courts some
major Central laws;
(2) It gives similar protection to several State enactments, mostly
relating to land legislation, by including them in the Ninth Schedule
of the Constitution; and
(3) It provides that the limits of the territorial waters, the
Continental Shelf, the Exclusive Economic Zone and the maritime zones
of India shall be specified
from time to time by law made by Parliament.
The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976: It was enacted during the
period of internal emergency. It was passed by Parliament on November
11, 1976
and received Presidential assent on December 18, 1976.
The Amendment established beyond doubt the supremacy of Parliament over
the other wings of Government; gave the Directive Principles precedence
over
the Fundamental Rights; enumerated for the first time a set of ten
Fundamental Duties. It further imposed limits on the power and
jurisdiction of the judiciary;
raised the term of the Lok Sabha and the Vidhan Sabha from five to six
years; authorised the use of Central armed forces in any State to deal
with law and
order problems, made the President bound by the advice of the Council
of Ministers and envisaged the establishment of administrative
tribunals for service
matters of Government employees and also other tribunals for economic
offences. The Act also clearly laid down that no Constitutional
Amendment could be
questioned in any court of law.
The Constitution (43rd Amendment) Act, 1978: It received the
Presidential assent on April 13, 1978. This Act repeals the obnoxious
provisions of the
Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act passed during the Emergency. It
restores civil liberties by deleting Article 3ID which gave powers to
Parliament to curtail
even legitimate trade union activity under the guise of legislation for
the prevention of anti-national activities. The new law, which was
ratified by more than
half of the States in accordance with the Constitution, also restores
legislative powers to the States to make appropriate provision for
anti-national activities
consistent with the Fundamental Rights. Under the Act, the judiciary
has also been restored to its rightful place. The Supreme Court will
now have power to
invalidate State laws, a power taken away by the 42nd Amendment Act.
The High Courts will also be able to go into the question of
constitutional validity of
Central laws thereby enabling persons living in distant places to
obtain speedy justice without having to come to the Supreme Court.
The Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978: The Constitution (45 th
Amendment) Bill, re-numbered as the 44th Amendment came into force on
April 30,
1979, when the President gave his assent. The Act removes major
distortions in the Constitution introduced during the Emergency. The
duration of the Lok
Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies has been reduced from six to
five years—the normal term which was extended during the Emergencyunder
the 42nd
Amendment to achieve some political purposes. The Right to Property
ceases to be a Fundamental Right and becomes only a legal right
according to the
Constitution 44th Amendment. The Act also extends, for the first time
since independence, constitutional protection for publication of the
proceedings of
Parliament and State Legislatures, except in cases where it is proved
to be "malicious". Another important feature of the Act is that any
proclamation of
Emergency need henceforward, be issued by the President only after
receiving the advice of the Cabinet as a whole in writing. The
President will not be called
upon to act on the basis of advice by the Prime Minister on his own
without consulting his Cabinet. Other safeguards provide that the
proclamation will have
to be adopted by a two-thirds majority of the members of both Houses of
Parliament within a month. The 44th Amendment provides safeguards
against future
subversion of the Constitution for establishing an authoritarian
regime. It contains provisions which are designed to make it impossible
to impose the kind of
emergency the country had experienced for 19 months.
The Constitution (45th Amendment) Act, 1980: The Act extends
reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes
in Parliament and the
State Assemblies and the representation of Anglo-Indians by nomination
for a further period of 10 years.
The Constitution (46th Amendment) Bill, 1982: It seeks to authorise the
government to prepare an authoritative text of the Constitution, in
Hindi.
The Constitution (52nd Amendment) Act, 1985: The Act has made defection
to another party, after elections illegal. Any member defecting to
another party
after elections will be disqualified from being member of Parliament or
State Legislature.
The Constitution (53rd Amendment) Act, 1986: It confers Statehood on
Mizoram and ensures against unnecessary interference by the Central
Government
with the laws relating to spheres of social relationship and community
conduct applicable to Mizoram.
The Constitution (54th Amendment) Act, 1986: It enhances the salaries
of Judges of High Courts and Supreme Court of India. The salary of
Chief Justice of
India will be Rs 10,000; Chief Justice of High Courts Rs 9000; Judges
of Supreme Court Rs 9000; and Judges of High Courts Rs 8000.
The Constitution (55th Amendment) Act, 1987: It grants Statehood to
Arunachal Pradesh which consequently became the 24th State of the
Indian Union.
The Constitution (56th Amendment) Act, 1987: It confers Statehood on
Goa and forms a new Union Territory of Daman and Diu. Goa thus became
the 25th
State of the Indian Republic.
The Constitution (57th Amendment) Act, 1987: It made a special
provision for the setting up of the new State of Goa. Consequently
Daman and Diu were
separated from the former to form a Union Territory.
The Constitution (58th Amendment) Act, 1988: It provides for special
arrangements with regard to reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes
in the States of
Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram and Meghalaya. By amending Article
322 the adjustment of seats has been frozen until 2000 A.D.
The Constitution (59th Amendment) Act, 1988: It empowered the Central
Government to impose Emergency in Punjab when deemed necessary. Under
the
amendment, President's rule can be extended upto three years. Earlier
maximum period was two years.
The Constitution (61st Amendment) Act, 1989: It lowered the voting age
from 21 to 18.
The Constitution (62nd Amendment) Act, 1989: It provided for the
extension by another 10 years of reservation of seats in the Parliament
and State
Assemblies for the Scheduled Castes and Tribes and reservation for
Anglo Indian community by nomination.
The Constitution (63rd Amendment) Act, 1989: It repealed Amendment 59
which empowered the government to impose emergency in Punjab.
The Constitution (64th Amendment) Act, 1990: It extended the
President's rule in Punjab by six months.
The Constitution (66th Amendment) Act, 1990: To bring land reforms
within the purview of 9th Schedule of the Constitution.
The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991: Delhi made National
Capital Region. The Act also made provision for Legislative assembly
and a council of
ministers for Delhi.
The Constitution (70th Amendment) Act, 1992: Before this act was made
Article 54 relating to the election of the President provided for an
electoral college
consisting only of the elected members of Parliament as well as the
legislative assemblies of the States (not of Union Territories). The
amendment provide
for inclusion of members of legislature of Pondicherry and Delhi.
The Constitution (71st Amendment) Act, 1992: The act amends the 8th
Schedule to the Constitution to include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali
Languages in the
8th Schedule of the Constitution.
The Constitution (72nd Amendment) Act, 1992: To make temporary
provision for the determination of the number of seats reserved for the
Scheduled Tribes
in the State assembly of Tripura, until the re-adjustment of seats is
made on the basis of the first census after the year 2000 under article
170 of the
Constitution.
The Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992: To ensure direct election
to all seats in Panchayats; to reserve seats for SCs and STs in
proportion to their
population; and for reservation of not less than one third of the seats
in Panchayats for women.
The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992: was made to ensure direct
election to all seats in Nagarpalikas and Municipalities.
The Constitution (75th Amendment) Act 1994: It provides for setting up
of State-level Rent Tribunals to exclude the jurisdiction of all
courts, except that of
the Supreme Court, under Article 136 of the Constitution.
The Constitution (76th Amendment) Act, 1994: It relates to the
Reservation of Seats in Educational Institutes and of appointments or
posts in the Services
under a State, for Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes. The Supreme Court had ruled on November 16, 1992, that the
total reservations
under Article 16(40) of the Constitution should not exceed 50 per cent.
The Constitution (77th Amendment) Act, 1995: According to this Act, the
Government have decided to continue the existing policy of reservation
in promotion
for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
The Constitution (78th Amendment) Act, 1995: It includes land reform
laws in the Ninth Schedule so that they cannot be challenged before the
courts.
The Constitution (79th Amendment) Act, 1999: It extends the reservation
of seats for SC, ST and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and Legislative
Assemblies
for next 10 years.
The Constitution (80th Amendment) Act, 2000: It deals with an
alternative scheme for sharing taxes between the Union and the States.
The Constitution (81st Amendment) Act, 2000: It provides that the
unfilled vacancies of a year reserved for SC/ST kept for being filled
up in a year as per
Article 16, shall be considered separately for filling vacancies in the
succeeding year and the previous list will not be considered for
filling the 50% quota of the
respective year.
The Constitution (82nd Amendment) Act, 2000: It provides that nothing
in the Article 355 shall prevent the State from making any provisions
in favour of the
members of SC/ST for relaxation in qualifying marks with respect to
examination/job/promotion.
The Constitution (83rd Amendment) Act, 2000: The Act amended Article
243 M to provide that no reservation in Panchayats be made in favour of
SC/ST in
Arunachal Pradesh where the whole population is tribal.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
What is the WTO?
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international
organization that deals with the set of laws of trade between nations.
It holds the WTO
agreements that are negotiated & signed by the bulk of trading nations
of the world & ratified in their parliaments. The aim is to facilitate
producers of goods
& services, importers and exporters to carry out their business.
Who we are?
It is an association for trade opening. It is a medium for governments
to discuss trade agreements. It is a podium for them to resolve trade
disputes.
It functions a system of trade rules. Fundamentally, the World Trade
Organization is a place where member governments attempt to sort out
the trade
problems they face with each other.
What we do?
World Trade Organization is run by its member governments. All main
decisions are made by the membership as a whole, by ministers or by
their delegates or
ambassadors.
What we stand for?
The agreements of World Trade Organization are complex and lengthy
because they are legal texts that cover an extensive range of
activities. But a number
of easy, essential principles run throughout all of these documents.
These principles are the basis of multilateral trading system.
Source: http://www.wto.org/
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international
organization that deals with the set of laws of trade between nations.
It holds the WTO
agreements that are negotiated & signed by the bulk of trading nations
of the world & ratified in their parliaments. The aim is to facilitate
producers of goods
& services, importers and exporters to carry out their business.
Who we are?
It is an association for trade opening. It is a medium for governments
to discuss trade agreements. It is a podium for them to resolve trade
disputes.
It functions a system of trade rules. Fundamentally, the World Trade
Organization is a place where member governments attempt to sort out
the trade
problems they face with each other.
What we do?
World Trade Organization is run by its member governments. All main
decisions are made by the membership as a whole, by ministers or by
their delegates or
ambassadors.
What we stand for?
The agreements of World Trade Organization are complex and lengthy
because they are legal texts that cover an extensive range of
activities. But a number
of easy, essential principles run throughout all of these documents.
These principles are the basis of multilateral trading system.
Source: http://www.wto.org/
Asian Development Bank, ADB
History
Asian Development Bank was envisioned in the course
of the post war rehabilitation & reconstruction efforts
of early 1960s. The vision was of a financial institution
that would be Asian in character & promote economic
growth & cooperation in the area - then one of the
poorest in the world.
A resolution was passed at the 1st Ministerial
Conference on Asian Economic Cooperation held by
United Nations Economic Commission for Asia & the
Far East in the year 1963 that set that vision on the
way to becoming reality.
Overview
Since its origin in 1966, Asian Development Bank has
been driven by a dedication and inspiration to
improving lives of people in Asia & the Pacific. By
targeting our investments shrewdly, in joint venture
with our developing member countries & stakeholders,
we can assuage poverty & help create a world in which
everybody can share in the benefits of inclusive and
sustained growth.
The main devices for assistance are:
Loans
Policy dialogue
Grants
Equity investments
Technical assistance
Into the 21st century
A new focus has been laid by ADB on helping its
developing members accomplish the Millennium
Development Goals & making development more
successful. In the year 2003, a severe acute respiratory
syndrome epidemic hit the region, making it apparent
that fighting contagious diseases requires regional
cooperation. Asian Development Bank began providing
support at regional and national levels to assist
countries so that they could more efficiently respond to
avian influenza & the growing threat of AIDS/HIV.
Asian Development Bank also had to respond to
unparalleled natural disasters, entrusting more than
$850 million for revival in areas of Indonesia, India, Sri
Lanka and Maldives hit by the Dec 2004 Asian
Tsunami. Additionally, a $1 billion line of support to
help victims of the Oct 2005 earthquake in Pakistan
was set up.
In the year 2008, the Board of Directors of Asian
Development Bank approved Strategy 2020: The Long -
Term Strategic Framework of Asian Development Bank
2008 - 2020, a policy document steering its operations
to the year 2020.
In the year 2009, the Board of Governors of Asian
Development Bank agreed to triple the capital base of
Asian Development Bank from $ 55 billion to $ 165
billion, giving it much wanted resources to react to the
global economic crisis. The increase of 200% is the
largest in history of Asian Development Bank, and the
1st since the 1994 100 % capital increase.
Asian Development Bank was envisioned in the course
of the post war rehabilitation & reconstruction efforts
of early 1960s. The vision was of a financial institution
that would be Asian in character & promote economic
growth & cooperation in the area - then one of the
poorest in the world.
A resolution was passed at the 1st Ministerial
Conference on Asian Economic Cooperation held by
United Nations Economic Commission for Asia & the
Far East in the year 1963 that set that vision on the
way to becoming reality.
Overview
Since its origin in 1966, Asian Development Bank has
been driven by a dedication and inspiration to
improving lives of people in Asia & the Pacific. By
targeting our investments shrewdly, in joint venture
with our developing member countries & stakeholders,
we can assuage poverty & help create a world in which
everybody can share in the benefits of inclusive and
sustained growth.
The main devices for assistance are:
Loans
Policy dialogue
Grants
Equity investments
Technical assistance
Into the 21st century
A new focus has been laid by ADB on helping its
developing members accomplish the Millennium
Development Goals & making development more
successful. In the year 2003, a severe acute respiratory
syndrome epidemic hit the region, making it apparent
that fighting contagious diseases requires regional
cooperation. Asian Development Bank began providing
support at regional and national levels to assist
countries so that they could more efficiently respond to
avian influenza & the growing threat of AIDS/HIV.
Asian Development Bank also had to respond to
unparalleled natural disasters, entrusting more than
$850 million for revival in areas of Indonesia, India, Sri
Lanka and Maldives hit by the Dec 2004 Asian
Tsunami. Additionally, a $1 billion line of support to
help victims of the Oct 2005 earthquake in Pakistan
was set up.
In the year 2008, the Board of Directors of Asian
Development Bank approved Strategy 2020: The Long -
Term Strategic Framework of Asian Development Bank
2008 - 2020, a policy document steering its operations
to the year 2020.
In the year 2009, the Board of Governors of Asian
Development Bank agreed to triple the capital base of
Asian Development Bank from $ 55 billion to $ 165
billion, giving it much wanted resources to react to the
global economic crisis. The increase of 200% is the
largest in history of Asian Development Bank, and the
1st since the 1994 100 % capital increase.
Holidays of 2015
Indian Holidays of year 2015 india
If you thought 2014 had a bunch of long weekends,
wait for 2015 to roll in. The year is packed with
three- and four-day weekends and, if you take a
couple of days off, a bumper nine-day Diwali break.
Call in sick strategically and you have a whopping
58 days of travel
January--Slot1
1 January, Thursday: New Year's Day
2 January, Friday — Skip work; they will understand.
3 January, Saturday
4 January, Sunday
January--Slot2
23 January, Friday — Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose
Jayanti (Kolkata)
24 January, Saturday
25 January, Sunday
26 January, Monday — Republic Day
February---
14 February, Saturday
15 February, Sunday
16 February, Monday — Skip work, because
Valentine's Day long weekend!
17 February, Tuesday — Maha Shivratri
March---
6 March, Friday — Holi
7 March, Saturday
8 March, Sunday
April--Slot1
3 April, Friday — Good Friday
4 April, Saturday
5 April, Sunday
April--Slot2
11 April, Saturday
12 April, Sunday
13 April, Monday — Take leave
14 April, Tuesday— Ambedkar Jayanti, Tamil New
Year.
May--
1 May, Friday — Labour Day; Maharashtra Day
2 May, Saturday
3 May, Sunday
4 May, Monday — Buddha Purnima
August--
15 August, Saturday
16 August, Sunday
17 August, Monday — Skip work; you haven't had a
break since May!
18 August, Tuesday — Parsi New Year
September--Slot1
17 September, Thursday — Ganesh Chaturthi
18 September, Friday — Skip work
19 September, Saturday
20 September, Sunday
September--Slot2
24 September, Thursday — Bakri Id
25 September, Friday — Skip work
26 September, Saturday
27 September, Sunday
October--Slot1
2 October, Friday — Gandhi Jayanti
3 October, Saturday
4 October, Sunday
October--Slot2
22 October, Thursday—Dussehra
23 October, Friday — Take leave
24 October, Saturday
25 October, Sunday
November--
7 November, Saturday
8 November, Sunday
9 November, Monday — Dhanteras
10 November, Tuesday — Naraka Chaturdashi or
take leave
11 November, Wednesday—Diwali (Lakshmi Puja)
12 November, Thursday—Diwali (Balipratipada) or
take leave
13 November, Friday—Diwali (Bhaidooj)
14 November, Saturday
15 November, Sunday
December--
24 December, Thursday — Eid-e-Milad
25 December, Friday — Christmas
26 December, Saturday
27 December, Sunday
If you thought 2014 had a bunch of long weekends,
wait for 2015 to roll in. The year is packed with
three- and four-day weekends and, if you take a
couple of days off, a bumper nine-day Diwali break.
Call in sick strategically and you have a whopping
58 days of travel
January--Slot1
1 January, Thursday: New Year's Day
2 January, Friday — Skip work; they will understand.
3 January, Saturday
4 January, Sunday
January--Slot2
23 January, Friday — Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose
Jayanti (Kolkata)
24 January, Saturday
25 January, Sunday
26 January, Monday — Republic Day
February---
14 February, Saturday
15 February, Sunday
16 February, Monday — Skip work, because
Valentine's Day long weekend!
17 February, Tuesday — Maha Shivratri
March---
6 March, Friday — Holi
7 March, Saturday
8 March, Sunday
April--Slot1
3 April, Friday — Good Friday
4 April, Saturday
5 April, Sunday
April--Slot2
11 April, Saturday
12 April, Sunday
13 April, Monday — Take leave
14 April, Tuesday— Ambedkar Jayanti, Tamil New
Year.
May--
1 May, Friday — Labour Day; Maharashtra Day
2 May, Saturday
3 May, Sunday
4 May, Monday — Buddha Purnima
August--
15 August, Saturday
16 August, Sunday
17 August, Monday — Skip work; you haven't had a
break since May!
18 August, Tuesday — Parsi New Year
September--Slot1
17 September, Thursday — Ganesh Chaturthi
18 September, Friday — Skip work
19 September, Saturday
20 September, Sunday
September--Slot2
24 September, Thursday — Bakri Id
25 September, Friday — Skip work
26 September, Saturday
27 September, Sunday
October--Slot1
2 October, Friday — Gandhi Jayanti
3 October, Saturday
4 October, Sunday
October--Slot2
22 October, Thursday—Dussehra
23 October, Friday — Take leave
24 October, Saturday
25 October, Sunday
November--
7 November, Saturday
8 November, Sunday
9 November, Monday — Dhanteras
10 November, Tuesday — Naraka Chaturdashi or
take leave
11 November, Wednesday—Diwali (Lakshmi Puja)
12 November, Thursday—Diwali (Balipratipada) or
take leave
13 November, Friday—Diwali (Bhaidooj)
14 November, Saturday
15 November, Sunday
December--
24 December, Thursday — Eid-e-Milad
25 December, Friday — Christmas
26 December, Saturday
27 December, Sunday
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